Готовая контрольная: грамматика и перевод текста по английскому

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ No2
   ВАРИАНТ 2
  I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните и каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
В разделе (б) обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.
 а) 1. The special application of light has led to the development of lasers and masers.
2. The scientists are working on an interesting problem for obtaining power from atom.
3. Most waves are reflected from metals.
4. Before Newton's time, however, such great scientists as Copernicus, Gallilei and Kepler had discussed gravitation.
б) 1. The delegation of foreign specialists was shown the new electronics equipment of our lab.
2. They will be given new interesting data by the end of the month.
3. The parts of this device are acted upon by more than two forces.

II .Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. Electrical energy used in our homes is often converted into heat and light. 
2. All objects surrounding us are composed of different substances.
3. If produced by friction heat is usually considered as useless work.
4. Passing through the air alpha-particles ionize it.

 III. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент, предложения переведите на русский язык.
1. Polymers can be used for making different things.
2. Energy is never destroyed: one form of energy may be converted into another.
 3.They will be able to improve the experimental conditions in their laboratory.
 4. This complicated process must result in the release of energy.
5. The mixture is to be heated before the experiment.
6. The laboratory assistant had to alter the experimental conditions.

VII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык текст.
History of Chemical Engineering
Chemical engineering is as old as the process industries. Its heritage dates from the fermentation and evaporation processes operated by early civilizations. Modern chemical engineering emerged with the development of large-scale, chemical-manufacturing operations in the second half of the 19th century. Throughout its development as an independent discipline, chemical engineering has been directed toward solving problems of designing and operating large plants for continuous production.
Manufacture of chemicals in the mid-19th century consisted of modest craft operations. Increase in demand, public concern at the emission of noxious effluents, and competition between rival processes provided the incentives for greater efficiency. This led to the emergence of combines with resources for larger operations and caused the transition from a craft to a science-based industry. The result was a demand for chemists with knowledge of manufacturing processes, known as industrial chemists or chemical technologists. The term chemical engineer was in general use by about 1900. Despite its emergence in traditional chemicals manufacturing, it was through its role in the development of the petroleum industry that chemical engineering became firmly established as a unique discipline. The demand for plants capable of operating physical separation processes continuously at high levels of efficiency was a challenge that could not be met by the traditional chemist or mechanical engineer.